Arthur Schopenhauer

Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860) was a German philosopher. After initially studying medicine, he turned to philosophy and received his doctorate in 1813. He taught in Berlin from 1820 and lived as an independent scholar in Frankfurt am Main from 1833. In his major work, *The World as Will and Representation* (1819; expanded in 1844), he developed a philosophy influenced by Immanuel Kant, arguing that an irrational will underlies the world. His other notable works include *The Two Fundamental Problems of Ethics* and *Parerga and Paralipomena* (1851), which includes the *Aphorisms on the Wisdom of Life*. Schopenhauer died in Frankfurt am Main in 1860.