Recommendations based on "The Age of Reason: Being an Investigation of True and Fabulous Theology (Cambridge Library Collection - Philosophy)"

An accessible and fascinating exploration of how Alan Turing’s mathematical theory gave rise to modern computer science and applications—from the desktops to cell phonesIn 1936, when he was just 24 years old, Alan Turing wrote a remarkable paper in which he outlined the theory of computation, laying out the ideas that underlie all modern computers. This groundbreaking and powerful theory now forms the basis of computer science. In Turing’s Vision, Chris Bernhardt explains the theory for the general reader, beginning with its foundations and systematically building to its surprising conclusions. He also views Turing’s theory in the context of mathematical history, other views of computation (including those of Alonzo Church), Turing’s later work, and the birth of the modern computer.Turing wanted to show that there were problems that were beyond any computer’s ability to solve; in particular, he wanted to find a decision problem that he could prove was undecidable. To explain Turing’s ideas, Bernhardt examines 3 well-known decision problems to explore the concept of undecidability; investigates theoretical computing machines, including Turing machines; explains universal machines; and proves that certain problems are undecidable, including Turing’s problem concerning computable numbers.

Throughout history, some books have changed the world. They have transformed the way we see ourselves - and each other. They have inspired debate, dissent, war and revolution. They have enlightened, outraged, provoked and comforted. They have enriched lives - and destroyed them. Now Penguin brings you the works of the great thinkers, pioneers, radicals and visionaries whose ideas shook civilization and helped make us who we are. The Father of Existentialism, Kierkegaard transformed philosophy with his conviction that we must all create our own nature; in this great work of religious anxiety, he argues that a true understanding of God can only be attained by making a personal 'leap of faith'.

Throughout history, some books have changed the world. They have transformed the way we see ourselves - and each other. They have inspired debate, dissent, war and revolution. They have enlightened, outraged, provoked and comforted. They have enriched lives - and destroyed them. Now Penguin brings you the works of the great thinkers, pioneers, radicals and visionaries whose ideas shook civilization and helped make us who we are. Inspired by the myth of a man condemned to ceaselessly push a rock up a mountain and watch it roll back to the valley below, The Myth of Sisyphus transformed twentieth-century philosophy with its impassioned argument for the value of life in a world without religious meaning.

Friedrich Nietzsche's most accessible and influential philosophical work, misquoted, misrepresented, brilliantly original and enormously influentialNietzsche was one of the most revolutionary and subversive thinkers in Western philosophy, and Thus Spoke Zarathustra remains his most famous and influential work. It describes how the ancient Persian prophet Zarathustra descends from his solitude in the mountains to tell the world that God is dead and that the Superman, the human embodiment of divinity, is his successor. Nietzsche's utterance 'God is dead', his insistence that the meaning of life is to be found in purely human terms, and his doctrine of the Superman and the will to power were all later seized upon and unrecognisably twisted by, among others, Nazi intellectuals. With blazing intensity and poetic brilliance, Nietzsche argues that the meaning of existence is not to be found in religious pieties or meek submission to authority, but in an all-powerful life force: passionate, chaotic and free.For more than seventy years, Penguin has been the leading publisher of classic literature in the English-speaking world. With more than 1,700 titles, Penguin Classics represents a global bookshelf of the best works throughout history and across genres and disciplines. Readers trust the series to provide authoritative texts enhanced by introductions and notes by distinguished scholars and contemporary authors, as well as up-to-date translations by award-winning translators.

در »ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ و ﻓﻠﺴﻔﮥ ﻋﻠﻢ« را ﺣﺴﯿﻦ ﻧﺠﻔﻰ زاده ﺑﻨﯿﺎد ﮔﺬارده اﺳﺖ. او دراﯾﻦ ﺑﺎره ﻣﻰ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﺪ : ».ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ از آﺷﻨﺎﯾﻰ اﯾﺮاﻧﯿﺎن ﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻮم و ﻓﻨﻮن ﻏﺮب، و ﺷﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ آن، ﺑﯿﺶ از ﯾﮑﺼﺪوﭘﻨﺠﺎه ﺳﺎل ى راه را ّﻣ ﻰﮔﺬرد، ﺷﻤﺎر ﮐﺎرﻫﺎﯾﻰ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺟﺪ ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ آﺷﻨﺎﯾﻰ ﻣﻰ ﮔﺸﺎﯾﺪ، ﺷﺎﯾﺪ ﻫﻢ اﻣﺮوز اﻧﺪك و ﺑﺴﯿﺎر اﻧﺪك ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. و ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ اﯾﻦ ﺑ ﻰرﻏﺒﺘﻰ اﯾﺮاﻧﯿﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ آن ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ رﯾﺸ ﻪﻫﺎﯾﻰ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﺗﻨﻮﻣﻨﺪ در ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ اﯾﺮاﻧﻰ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪة ﻣﺎ از ﺑﺮﺗﺮى ﻋﻠﻮم و ﻓﻨﻮن ﻏﺮﺑﻰ در ﻣﯿﺪان ﻫﺎى رزم در ﻫﻤﺎن ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎ ﻫﻢ، ﻧﺘﻮاﻧﺴﺖ اﯾﻦ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ اﺻﻮﻟﻰ درﺑﺎرة ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻰ دﺳﺘﯿﺎﺑﻰ ﻣﻐﺮب زﻣﯿﻦ ﺑﻪ داﻧﺶ ﻫﺎى ﻧﻮ را در ﻣﺎ ﺑﺮاﻧﮕﯿﺰد. و اﮔﺮ از زﻣﺎن دﮐﺎرت ﺗﺎﮐﻨﻮن ﻫﻢ ﺑﯿﺶ از ﺳﻪ ﺳﺪه ﻣ ﻰﮔﺬرد، ﻫﻨﻮزﻫﻢ ﻧﺰد ﻣﺎ، ﮐﺎرى ﮐﻪ ﺑ ﻪدرﺳﺘﻰ اﻓﮑﺎر او را ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳﺎﻧﺪ، وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد؛ و ﻫﻢ ﭼﺸ ﻢﭘﻮﺷﻰ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ، اﯾﻦ وﺿﻊ درﺑﺎرة ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ّاﮔﺮ از ﻓﯿﻠﺴﻮﻓﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎى اﺧﺺ ﻰ ّﻋﻠﻤﻰ اﺻﯿﻞ، و ﯾﺎ ﺷﺮ حﻫﺎﯾﻰ ﮐﻪ داﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪان ﻣﻐﺮب زﻣﯿﻦ ﺑﺮ ﮐﺎرﻫﺎى ﺗﺨﺼﺼ ﺧﻮد ﻣﻰ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪ، ﺗﺎ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎى ﻣﻌﺮﻓ ﺖﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻰ آن ﻫﺎ را روﺷﻦ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ، و ﻓﻬﻢ از آن ﻫﺎ را ﺑﺮ ﻫﻤﮕﺎن آﺳﺎن ﺗﺮ، ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﺑﺪﺗﺮ اﺳﺖ. اﮔﺮ از ﭼﻨﺪﮐﺎر درﺳﺖ، ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ دﻟﺒﺴﺘﮕﻰ ﺷﺨﺼﻰ اﻧﺠﺎم داد هاﻧﺪ، ﺻﺮ فﻧﻈﺮ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ، آﻧﭽﻪ ﻣﻰ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ در ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﭼﯿﺰى ﺟﺰ اﺧﺒﺎرى ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺪه درﺑﺎرة اﯾ ﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮐﺎرﻫﺎ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ، ﮐﻪ ﻣﺎ ذﯾﻞ » « ﺑﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻰ ﻧﮕﺮﯾﻢ.« و ﻓﻠﺴﻔﮥ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﮐﺘﺎب ﻫﺎﯾﻰ در »ﮐﺘﺎب ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻫﻢ ﯾﮑﻰ از ﮐﺎرﻫﺎﯾﻰ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ذﯾﻞﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮد

Richard Feynman – Nobel Laureate, Teacher, Icon And Genius – Possessed An Unquenchable Thirst For Adventure And An Unparalleled Gift For Telling The Extraordinary Stories Of His Life. In This Collection Of Short Pieces And Reminiscences He Describes Everything From His Love Of Beauty To College Pranks To How His Father Taught Him To Think. He Takes Us Behind The Scenes Of The Space Shuttle Challenger Investigation, Where He Dramatically Revealed The Cause Of The Disaster With A Simple Experiment. And He Tells Us Of How He Met His Beloved First Wife Arlene, And Their Brief Time Together Before Her Death. Sometimes Intensely Moving, Sometimes Funny, These Writings Are Infused With Feynman’s Curiosity And Passion For Life.

Now in its fifth edition, this historically organized introductory text treats philosophy as a dramatic and continuous story--a conversation about humankind's deepest and most persistent concerns. Tracing the exchange of ideas between history's key philosophers, The Great Conversation: A Historical Introduction to Philosophy, Fifth Edition, demonstrates that while constructing an argument or making a claim, one philosopher almost always has others in mind. The book addresses the fundamental questions of human life: Who are we? What can we know? How should we live? and What sort of reality do we inhabit?The fifth edition retains the distinctive feature of previous editions: author Norman Melchert provides a generous selection of excerpts from major philosophical works and makes them more easily understandable to students with his lucid and engaging explanations. Ranging from the Pre-Socratics to Derrida and Quine, the selections are organized historically and include four complete works: Plato's Euthyphro, Apology, and Crito, and Descartes' Meditations on First Philosophy. The author's commentary offers a rich intellectual and cultural context for the philosophical ideas conveyed in the excerpts. Extensive cross-referencing shows students how philosophers respond appreciatively or critically to the thoughts of other philosophers. The text is enhanced by two types of exercises--"Basic Questions" and "For Further Thought"--and more than sixty illustrations.New to the Fifth Edition:* A new chapter (25) on Simone de Beauvoir and her contributions to philosophy* New material on Buddhist, Muslim, and Jewish thinkers, including profiles of the Buddha, Avicenna (Ibn Sina), Averroës (Ibn Rushd), and Maimonides (Moses ben Maimon)* A new profile of Jean-Jacques Rousseau* Improved translations of several of Plato's works, including Protagoras, Gorgias, Phaedo, Symposium,Meno, and the Republic* Review questions that are now dispersed throughout the chapters (instead of at chapter ends) to follow relevant passages and facilitate classroom discussion* Thirteen new images, including seven explanatory cartoons that help students understand key concepts* A revised Instructor's Manual and Test Bank--available both on CD and in a printed version--containing essential points, teaching suggestions, and multiple-choice, short-answer, and essay exam questionsThe Great Conversation, Fifth Edition, is also available in two paperback volumes to suit your course needs. Volume I: Pre-Socratics through Descartes includes chapters 1-13 of the combined volume, while Volume II: Descartes through Derrida and Quine includes chapters 12-26.

A captivating collection of Friedrich Nietzsche’s seminal works, from his provocative musings on truth and morality to his profound exploration of human existence“In this volume, one may very conveniently have a rich review of one of the most sensitive, passionate, and misunderstood writers in Western, or any, literature.”—Newsweek“Few writers in any age were so full of ideas.”—Walter Kaufmann, from the IntroductionThe works of Friedrich Nietzsche have fascinated readers around the world ever since the publication of his first book more than a hundred years ago, yet few writers have been so consistently misinterpreted. The Portable Nietzsche includes Walter Kaufmann’s definitive translations of the complete and unabridged texts of Nietzsche’s four major works: Twilight of the Idols, The Antichrist, Nietzsche Contra Wagner, and Thus Spoke Zarathustra. In addition, Kaufmann brings together selections from his other books, notes, and letters, to give a full picture of Nietzsche’s development, versatility, and inexhaustibility.Penguin Classics is the leading publisher of classic literature in the English-speaking world, representing a global bookshelf of the best works throughout history and across genres and disciplines. Readers trust the series to provide authoritative texts enhanced by introductions and notes by distinguished scholars and contemporary authors, as well as up-to-date translations by award-winning translators.

Contemporary science presents us with the remarkable theory that the universe began to exist about fifteen billion years ago with a cataclysmic explosion called "the Big Bang." The question of whether Big Bang cosmology supports theism or atheism has long been a matter of discussion among the general public and in popular science books, but has received scant attention from philosophers. This book sets out to fill this gap by means of a sustained debate between two philosophers, William Lane Craig and Quentin Smith, who defend opposing positions. Craig argues that the Big Bang that began the universe was created by God, while Smith argues that the Big Bang has no cause. Alternating chapters by the two philosophers criticize and attempt to refute preceding arguments. Their arguments are based on Einstein's theory of relativity and include a discussion of the new quantum cosmology recently developed by Stephen Hawking and popularized in A Brief History of Time.

Kurt Godel, the greatest logician of our time, startled the world of mathematics in 1931 with his Theorem of Undecidability, which showed that some statements in mathematics are inherently "undecidable." His work on the completeness of logic, the incompleteness of number theory, and the consistency of the axiom of choice and the continuum theory brought him further worldwide fame. In this introductory volume, Raymond Smullyan, himself a well-known logician, guides the reader through the fascinating world of Godel's incompleteness theorems. The level of presentation is suitable for anyone with a basic acquaintance with mathematical logic. As a clear, concise introduction to a difficult but essential subject, the book will appeal to mathematicians, philosophers, and computer scientists.